
Texts related to Agraphobia Exhibition at E324 Art Space in Munich, Germany (In English and German)
On Shari Pierce's Agraphobia/ by Charlotte Lindenberg, M.A. March 2011 (www.gedankenschwer-und-tempoarm.de)
By mutual agreement
This show's topic is how society deals with sexual offense. In order to engage with the exhibits we have to meet a certain condition, and that is: we have to share Pierce’s assumption that each offender is a potential reoffender.
Diagnoses and treatments of perpetrators vary from country to country. While some states are concerned with data privacy to allow for possible rehabilitation of ex-convicts, in the US their further way of life is publicly monitored.
Within the framework of this show we cannot engage in general reflections like whether the culprit is fully accountable or else the defenseless victim of some organic dysfunction, which would make him sick and at the same time potentially remediable. To get in contact with Pierce’s work however, we better take up her perspective which is governed by a sensation of latent threat.
The fact I’m paranoid doesn’t mean they weren’t after me
Indeed the assessment whether this fear is valid or not would require a survey concerning verifiable dangers caused by the offenders along with their action scope and recidivism rates.
For those however whose worldview is informed by the experience of violence – be it from a victim’s or a witness' perspective – those surveys are irrelevant.
The fear of falling prey to crime remains abstract to those having been spared from it – just as those who have never been involved in an accident won’t comprehend the continuous state of alarm crash victims are susceptible to. As for persons suffering from trauma, on the contrary, the dread of a possible repetition can become overwhelming. This ongoing fear of sexual assault is indicated by the term Agraphobia – an anxiety disorder, induced by a perceived threat of unsolicited sexual approach.
The application of a psychological term indicates a certain distance towards the designated condition, even a kind of doubt concerning her view’s veracity. From this slightly objectified position – standing slightly next to herself, so to speak – Pierce describes the impact of sexual infringements within her social environment as well as those conveyed on a daily basis by the media.
Yes but is it art?
The severe consequences of sexual abuse notwithstanding, the question whether social issues are to be dealt with on an artistic level remains. From the artists' point of view an association of art and non-art topics causes unease concerning a possible functionalization of art. The public at large however rather wonders whether an aesthetic approach to political or juridical problems isn't an unnecessary detour towards the solution of a problem which in fact required a political or juridical solution.
This tricky conflict of opinion has been addressed by artists at the latest 1977, when Suzanne Lacy and Leslie Labowitz - in collaboration with local women's organizations - staged a performance called In Mourning and in Rage in commemoration of victims of a Los Angeles serial killer. This artistically performed protest defied the separation between “fine” and “socially engaged” arts which afterward has been flouted many times without ever having been abolished.
Nothing New under the Sun
During the history of mankind sexual violence has proven a successful means in the suppression of women – and enemies in general. Long before 20th Century wars, mass rape had become a rewarding political strategy.
Within art history violence against women has always been visualized. In the baroque period rape used to be presented as an act of war in order to present the aggressor in a somewhat dignified manner. This happened with topics like the rape of the Sabines, which Rubens had rendered like some kind of transportation problem.
Equally subtle yet obvious the subject of rape appears in Gentileschi's Judith Beheading Holofernes (approx. 1620) insofar as allusions to a conceivable biographical motivation – a pictured revenge for rape - use to accompany the painting's dissemination.
After Goya's Los Desastres de la Guerra the application of sexual violence as a strategic instrument became increasingly visible within the 19th and 20th Century.
Form Follows Function
So obviously Pierce's key issue seems to be deeply entrenched in art history. However the necessity of dealing aesthetically with non-aesthetic issues remains controversial. Yet in Pierce's case content and form are by no means opposed to each other. Moreover contents determine their form, for in the beginning of each piece there has been some subject which subsequently is given outline and materials.
At the onset of the work on show here the initial question was, “who are these individuals? And where are they now?” The material stems from a database, designated to track the whereabouts of sexual offenders within the US. This research emerged from Pierce's previous project She LL, where she presented victims' writings along with one garment each.
Inhumanity with a human face
Since neither empathy nor rational comprehension are likely to settle the question “who they are”, Pierce ended up in doing what humans have always done in order to comprehend the incomprehensible: she made it visible.
Shaping what is impalpable has always been helpful in holding abstract forces at bay. Giving invisible threats the face of demons allowed for attacking and thus subduing them. In doing so hazy anxieties became tangible - opponents on an equal footing so to speak.
This time-honored countermeasure is now taken up by Pierce who is adding faces to an overwhelming amount of data.
Since the police camera's biometric premises don't tolerate any of strategy of flattering presentation, in terms of their relentlessness the database photographs resemble ancient depictions of the satanic. This way they don't show the offenders' public face but another one only their victims know.
Diamonds are a girl's best friend
Pierce's second question concerning the offenders' present stay led her to inquire on site. On the basis of all these findings the artist chose pictures and case histories which she then made into photo collages and accessories.
Since the 1960ies several artists considered their work to be objects, offered for use by the audience, thereby breaching the separation between producers and consumers. This way former recipients became co-workers and exhibits turned from being admired artefacts to be tools whereby the audience created the piece.
The combination of decorative form with terrifying content changed Pierce's view of her familiar territory. Instead of referring to her objects as jewelry, they rather function as memory aids like 'awareness ribbons' do.
Wearing those photographs on the body like trinkets creates a more immediate contact compared to exhibits which remain at a distance. A necklace made from pictures of rapists causes an involvement in a more urgent way than an exhibition does. The latter is easy to access and exit whereas jewelry violates one's privacy just as the subject it deals with does. Moreover since objects attached to the body may transform one's self-perception and self-esteem, the ongoing contact with a piece constantly remaining perceptible and visible can lead to a latent feeling of imminence.
By way of building up an almost inescapable concernment, the previously distant threat comes closer and what seemed like some weird “anxiety disorder” suddenly materializes.
Pierce's objects are strongly motivated by gendered behavior. Particularly in the US girls grow up to the expectation to be given jewelry as evidence for being loved by a man. This major significance of jewelry made Pierce aware of its capacity to represent realities – especially realities of women. This function as a marker of meaningful events in life is now complemented by the dark side of being the object of desire.
The pros and cons of such consciousness raising remain controversial, and this is intended by the artist , who is guided by convictions as well as by open questions.
“I am not sure if they are jewelry anymore. I see the pieces as jewelry only in the sense that I want the viewer to use the body as a reference. The audience takes less distance to the work if they think about 36 sexual offenders hanging around their neck rather than viewing it as merely a wall piece to be observed from a distance.”
“I am inspired by the contemporary phenomenon of ‘awareness ribbons and bracelets’ that people wear to express their concern of current social issues.”
Question: „What would be the ultimate result you're expecting from all your work dealing with this subject?”
Pierce: “In the short term: Discussion, inspired thought, to be thought provoking - positive or negative discussion. In my last exhibition in Amsterdam the gallerist said he had to speak about my work all day long. Whether people loved or hated my work or the topic, they did not leave without a discussion. If people would have entered the space, said nothing and felt nothing and left then I would say that I failed.”
Zu Shari Pierces Ausstellung Agraphobia/ Charlotte Lindenberg, M.A.
Marz 2011 (www.gedankenschwer-und-tempoarm.de)
Shari Pierce, in New York geboren und wohnhaft in München, schloss ihr Studium bei Otto Künzli an der Münchner Akademie der Bildenden Künste 2009 mit dem Meisterschüler-Diplom ab. Nach einem Lehrauftrag am Stockholmer College of Arts, Crafts and Design 2009 und 10 hatte sie im vergangenen Wintersemester eine Gastprofessur an der School of Art and Design in Providence, Rhode Island, inne.
Pierce hat an zahlreichen Ausstellungen in Europa und den USA teilgenommen und internationale Preise erhalten. Ihre Arbeiten befinden sich in europäischen und US-amerikanischen Sammlungen.
Nur unter einer Bedingung
In dieser Ausstellung geht es um den kollektiven Umgang mit Sexualverbrechen. Und um uns auf die Exponate einlassen zu können, müssen wir eine Vorbedingung erfüllen: Wir sollen Pierces Annahme teilen, dass es sich bei jedem Überführten um einen möglichen Wiederholungstäter handelt.
Diagnose und Behandlung der Täter verläuft kulturell unterschiedlich.1 Während man sich mancherorts um Datenschutz bemüht um eine eventuelle Rehabilitation der aus der Haft Entlassenen zu ermöglichen, wird in den USA deren weiterer Lebensweg massenmedial veröffentlicht.
Im Rahmen der aktuellen Ausstellung aber können wir uns nicht grundsätzlichen Überlegungen hingeben, wie etwa die Frage, ob Sexualstraftäter als voll verantwortlich oder aber als hilflose Opfer organischer Fehlfunktionen, und somit als krank und potentiell heilbar einzustufen sind.
Um mit Pierces Arbeiten in Kontakt zu treten, müssen wir zumindest zeitweilig ihre Perspektive einnehmen, die vom Gefühl latenter Bedrohung geprägt ist.
Die Tatsache, dass ich paranoid bin, bedeutet nicht, dass sie nicht hinter mir her sind
Um die Stichhaltigkeit dieser Furcht zu beurteilen, müsste an dieser Stelle eine statistische Erhebung über die Gefährdung der Bevölkerung durch Vorbestrafte erfolgen, über deren geografischen Aktionsradius und Rückfallquoten. Für diejenigen aber, deren Lebensgefühl von einer selbst erfahrenen oder miterlebten Gewalterfahrung beherrscht wird, sind solche Erhebungen irrelevant.
Denen, die nie in einen Unfall verwickelt waren, ist die chronische Verunsicherung ehemaliger Unfallopfer fremd. Ebenso abstrakt ist die Angst, Opfer einer Straftat zu werden, für alle, die von solchen bislang verschont blieben.
Für Traumatisierte aber kann die Möglichkeit einer Wiederholung der traumatischen Situation existenzbeherrschend werden. Eine solche chronische
1 “It is very interesting to live in two cultures that approach the subject very differently.” (Alle Zitate, sofern nicht anders angegeben, stammen aus meiner Email-Korrespondenz mit Shari Pierce im Februar 2011)
Furcht vor sexuellen Übergriffen bezeichnet der Titel Agraphobia. Agraphobie gilt als Angststörung, ausgelöst von einer gefühlten Bedrohung durch unerwünschte sexuelle Annäherung.2
Die Tatsache, dass Pierce diesen psychologischen Begriff verwendet, lässt eine Distanz gegenüber der so bezeichneten Befindlichkeit erkennen.3 Dass sie den Namen einer Neurose wählt, weist auf Zweifel an der objektiven Begründbarkeit ihrer Sicht hin. Aus eben dieser - gewissermaßen neben sich stehenden - Perspektive schildert Pierce die Rolle, die sexuelle Übergriffe innerhalb ihrer eigenen Biografie spielen – seien es im sozialen Umfeld miterlebte oder medial vermittelte.
Yes but is it art?
Über die gravierenden Folgen sexuellen Missbrauchs herrscht Einigkeit. Eine Kunstausstellung aber wirft die Frage nach dessen künstlerischer Relevanz auf. Aus künstlerischer Sicht weckt die Verbindung von Kunst und sozialen Belangen grundsätzlich den Verdacht einer Funktionalisierung von Kunst. Von der politischen Warte aus betrachtet aber stellt sich die Frage, ob die künstlerische Beschäftigung mit politischen oder in diesem Fall legislativen Anliegen nicht einen unnötigen Umweg darstellt, und eine politische oder in diesem Fall legislative Lösung nicht angemessener wäre.
Diesem Vorbehalt begegneten Künstlerinnen spätestens 1977. Unter dem Titel In Mourning and in Rage veranstaltete Suzanne Lacy und Leslie Labowitz zusammen mit lokalen Frauengruppen eine Performance zum Gedenken an die Opfer einer Serie sexueller Gewaltverbrechen in Los Angeles4 Mit diesem künstlerisch inszenierten Protest setzten sie sich über die Trennung zwischen „freier“ und sozial-engagierter Kunst hinweg. Diese Grenze wurde seither immer wieder aufs Neue überschritten, nie aber aufgehoben.
Alter Wein
In der Menschheitsgeschichte hat sich sexuelle Gewalt als wirkungsvolles Mittel der Unterdrückung von Frauen und folglich ganzer Kulturen bewährt. Nicht erst in den Kriegen des 20. Jh. wurden Massenvergewaltigungen als Politik mit anderen Mitteln eingesetzt.
Künstlerisch wurde Gewalt gegen Frauen schon immer thematisiert. Im Barock wurde Vergewaltigung gern als Kriegshandlung inszeniert, um die Würde der Angreifer zu wahren. Beispiele sind Sujets wie Amazonenschlachten oder der Raub der Sabinerinnen, der bei Rubens wie eine logistische Herausforderung anmutet.
2 onlineberatung-therapie.de/stoerung/angst/phobien/agraphobie.html
3 “My work is more psychological than literal.”
4 „In Memory of our sisters we fight back“ stand auf einem Transparent hinter den weiß und rot gewandeten Teilnehmerinnen. (Abb. Broude, Garrard 1994 S.150)
Ebenso unterschwellig und doch unübersehbar schwingt das Thema der Vergewaltigung in Gentilleschis (1593-1653) Judith enthauptet Holofernes (ca. 1620) mit, werden doch mögliche biografische Motive – die visualisierte Vergeltung für eine selbst erfahrene Vergewaltigung - bei der Vermittlung des Gemäldes stets mitgeliefert. Im 19. Jh. wurde Notzucht als strategisches Mittel in Goyas Los Desastres de la Guerra und seither immer häufiger sichtbar.
Über die Formfrage
So gesehen reichen Pierces Wurzeln weit in die Kunstgeschichte zurück. Dennoch bleibt die Frage nach der Notwendigkeit einer ästhetischen Beschäftigung mit einer außer-ästhetischen Thematik. In Pierces Werk aber sind Inhalt und Form nicht zu trennen, insofern als die Inhalte ihre Form vorgeben. Denn am Anfang aller Projekte steht für die Künstlerin ein Thema, für das sie dann entsprechende Materialien und Formen wählt.
Agraphobia begann mit der Überlegung: Wer sind diese Menschen? Und wo? Das Material sind Bilder aus einer Datenbank, die den Aufenthalt von Sexualstraftätern in den USA dokumentiert. Diese Recherche entwickelte sich aus Pierces Projekt She LL, in dessen Rahmen Texte von Opfern sexuellen Missbrauchs zusammen mit jeweils einem Kleidungsstück präsentiert werden.
Da der Frage „wer diese Menschen sind“ weder durch Einfühlung noch rationalen Nachvollzug beizukommen war, tat Pierce, was Menschen stets taten, um Unbegreifliches zu begreifen: Sie machte es sichtbar. In allen Zeiten und Räumen half das Gestalten des Gestaltlosen beim Bannen abstrakter Mächte. In Form von Dämonen dar- und somit gegenübergestellt, konnten vormals unsichtbare Bedrohungen angegriffen und besiegt werden. Vage Ängste wurden zu konkreten Fratzen und somit zu Gegnern auf Augenhöhe. Und genau das tut Pierce, wenn sie der Datenmenge ein Gesicht gibt – hunderte, genauer gesagt.5
Die in der Datenbank abgelegten erkennungsdienstlichen Aufnahmen ähneln in ihrer Schonungslosigkeit historischen Darstellungen des Satanischen. Die Polizeikamera duldet keine der im Alltag gebräuchlichen Strategien vorteilhafter Darstellung.
Insofern zeigen die von Pierce verwendeten Aufnahmen nicht das öffentliche Gesicht der Täter sondern ein negatives Extrem, das einzig die Opfer kennen.
Die sich daraus ergebende Frage nach dem weiteren Verbleib der Täter führte zu Nachforschungen vor Ort. Auf Grundlage dieser Recherchen wählt Pierce Bilder und Fallgeschichten aus und überträgt sie in Fotocollagen und Accessoires.
5 “I am also going direct to the source now. Who are these abusers and what do they look like? Compared to my other work the focus is less on the abused but the abusers.”
Seit den 1960er Jahren stellten KünstlerInnen Objekte her, die das Publikum erst im Gebrauch zu Kunstwerken verwandelte. Diese Zusammenarbeit überwand die Rollenverteilung zwischen ProduzentInnen und KonsumentInnen. RezipientInnen werden zu MitarbeiterInnen und Exponate vom bestaunten Unikat zum Werkzeug, mit dessen Hilfe alle Beteiligten das Werk erzeugen.
Die Idee, das Thema sexuellen Missbrauchs mit Schmuckgestaltung zu kombinieren, änderte Pierces Sicht ihres angestammten Metiers, kann sie doch die ihr vertrauten Gegenstände nicht länger als Schmuck bezeichnen.6 Vielmehr fungieren sie wie Gedächtnisstützen, ähnlich wie es angesteckte Schleifen oder Gedenkarmbänder tun.7
Dass die Fotos wie Schmuck am Körper getragen werden, erzeugt einen direkteren Kontakt verglichen mit Exponaten in Sichtweite. Eine Halskette aus Bildern von Vergewaltigern zwingt erbarmungsloser zur Auseinandersetzung als es eine Ausstellung vermag, die man betreten und wieder verlassen kann. Genau verletzt Schmuck die Intimsphäre – ganz so, wie es der von ihm transportierte Inhalt tut.
Die Beliebtheit von Schmuck hängt nicht zuletzt mit dessen Eigenschaft zusammen, Selbstwert- und Lebensgefühl verändern. Desgleichen kann der durch die Schmuckform ermöglichte sicht- und fühlbare Kontakt mit der Thematik zu einer grundsätzlichen Empfindung von Bedrohung führen.
Indem die Verwendung der Exponate so fast zwangsläufig eine Betroffenheit erzeugt, rückt die ferne Bedrohung näher, und die eben noch nur mühsam nachvollziehbare „Angststörung“ nimmt konkrete Formen an.6
6 “I am not sure if they are jewelry anymore. I see the pieces as jewelry only in the sense that I want the viewer to use the body as a reference. The audience takes less distance to the work if they think about 36 sexual offenders hanging around their neck rather than viewing it as merely a wall piece to be observed from a distance.”
7 “I am inspired by the contemporary phenomenon of „awareness ribbons and bracelets? that people wear to express their concern of current social issues.”
Diamonds are a girl's best friend
Geschlechtsspezifische Prägungen spielen eine erhebliche Rolle für Pierces Kreationen. In den USA wachsen Mädchen im Bewusstsein auf, einst Schmuck zu erhalten als Beweis der Liebe eines Mannes8 Der Stellenwert symbolischer Kleinodien9 verdeutlichte Pierce die Fähigkeit von Schmuck, Realitäten ins Bewusstsein zu rufen – insbesondere die von Frauen, den traditionellen Schmuckträgerinnen.
Diese Funktion von Schmuck als Hoffnungsträger ergänzt Pierce nun also um den dunklen Aspekt der Tatsache, das Objekt von Begierde zu sein.
Über Fluch und Segen einer solch körperlichen Bewusstseinsherstellung lässt sich streiten und genau das beabsichtigt Pierce10, deren Werk neben Überzeugungen auch von offenen Fragen motiviert ist.
Additional Articles:
Agraphobia A new exhibit by Shari Pierce
http://moof06.wordpress.com/ By The Moof
In Nathanial Hawthorne’s 19th century classic, Hestor Prynne is forced by her Puritan community to permanently wear a scarlet ‘A’ on her clothing, after she conceives a child out of wedlock and refuses to reveal the identity of the father. Though the story is set in the 1600s, the punishment of visual identification as an ‘adulteress’ could be viewed as quite modern: Punish not the body, but the SOUL.
Punishment – Then and Now
In the 20th century, Michel Foucault (philosopher genius/sado-masochist) set out to examine the shift of punishment over the centuries and what it has meant for society. A work far too complex to examine in one or ten blog entries, my friend Shari Pierce’s latest exhibition nonetheless made me consider again the core question raised in “Discipline and Punish”:
How much more humane ARE the modern punitive measures taken against criminals?
That the nature of criminal punishment has changed over the centuries is no question. 300 years ago, crimes such as murder, rape and theft were not only punished socially (the criminal was often put out for public viewing and ridicule) but corporeally. Offenders were flogged, whipped, branded, drawn and quartered, maimed, crucified– and the circumstances of their actions were moot. Nobody asked WHY the crime had been committed. Was the offender rich or poor, abused as a child or not? In his right mind or insane? The crime is what mattered strictly, the crowd was to see an example of what would happen if they behaved similarly, and the flesh of the criminal absorbed the ultimate brunt of punishment. Provided the sentence was not death, they were then free to go and resume their lives.
Somewhere in the late 18th century though, a shift started in Western nations that demanded humane treatment of the criminal’s body. Psychology began to play a role in determining guilt–the public became removed from the process and the idea of ‘revenge’ was purged. The media circus notwithstanding, the public today has no DIRECT contact with those on trial, and incarceration is deemed the most appropriate form of action. As my roommate described it the other night: The German legal system does not desire revenge against criminals–merely that they are put in a place where they cannot repeat their offense and where they may be rehabilitated and reintroduced into society. Arguably, the same motto could be applied to modern American penal justice.
Rehabilitation. Incarceration not as punishment, but as a preventative measure. Certainly never revenge.
While I am not familiar with the state of German prisons, American ones notoriously question the validity of that statement. Depending on the penitentiary, the idea of rehabilitation is a mockery–the criminal is locked away from ‘normal’ society and tossed into a sub-society rife with violence and rape. This is not the violence of a crowd who beat you black and blue in the stocks and then stormed on–or the agony felt from flogging that nevertheless ended once the wounds healed. This is what Foucault would call a punishment of the soul; a slow, steady deconstruction of a person’s humanity, over years or even a lifetime.
Our modern definition of ‘mercy’.
This system keeps the humiliation of the criminal out of sight and we are comforted by the idea of a society both safe and just. And if an offender is able to rehabilitate, they are theoretically able to rejoin society anonymously, without us having to see the stump of a lost finger or the whip-scars on the back. But what about the most reviled offenders–the rapists and child-molesters? Should they be allowed to rejoin society anonymously?
This is one aspect raised by the Agraphobia exhibit.
Agraphobia
Shari Pierce is a jewelry artist, but her pieces are not meant to be worn at your next dinner party. Her works focus not on jewelry as superficial decoration, but on its role as a universal form of communication, the symbols worn across all ages and societies to project our self-image, social status, even our political, religious or social views (think of crucifix necklaces or breast-cancer awareness ribbons.) We can argue that jewelry is never just about aesthetics or form and Shari’s work often takes that idea to the extreme. Her latest exhibition asks what it might be like to wear the picture of a known sex-offender around your neck.
Go into her exhibition and you’ll be surrounded by a ghostly parade of men (and a few women) whose pictures have been taken from internet sites listing known sex criminals. Opening night, we looked at the pictures wondering: Do these people look so sinister because we KNOW their crime? Of course, you think of perverts as walking around with glowing eyes or horns on their head (and her pictures played with that idea by defacing faces), but just as many were kept as ordinary photos. These are the guys and girls passing by you on the street.
As I am about to leave, I want to say goodbye to Shari and congratulate her on her opening night, but she’s in deep conversation with someone. I stand around, hoping to butt in for a quick goodbye, and decide not to: They seem to be arguing the MORALITY of this exhibition. “Is your problem with the exhibit,” Shari asks, “that the pictures are for sale?”
The Scarlet A Revisited
I leave saying nothing, but the question is a good one–and the lady she is having the conversation with is a German. What would be considered highly sensitive personal information here in Germany regarding past offenses is posted on public databases for many states back home–this fact is what makes Shari’s exhibition possible–and advocates would argue that making sex-offenders visually identifiable is a cautionary meassure that allows parents especially to take further care.
Unfortunately, what this form of punishment does not take into account is that the majority of sexual offenses, rapes and child molestations are not committed by strangers, but by family members or acquaintances close to the family. And that while some of these databases do categorize according to severity or risk, others make no differentiation between a child-rapist or two underage kids who had consensual sex with each other.
The internet is forever. Once that information is out there, it can never be wiped away and we can argue that this form of caution is just a modern reworking of the scarlet A; a new/old way of destroying the social life, ie, the soul of the criminal.
Are sex-offender databases necessary? Do they help keep people safe, or is it a measure that kills the possibility of rehabilitation? If you haven’t thought about it before, Agraphobia will probably make you think about it.
















